Fitting of supernovae without dark energy

With data from Pantheon, we have at our disposal a sample of more than 1000 supernovae Ia covering wide range redshifts with good precision. Here, make fits to the corresponding Hubble–Lemaître diagram various cosmological models, intergalactic extinction, evolution luminosity supernovae, and redshift components due partially noncosmological factors. The are well fitted by Standard Model include dark energy, but there is degeneracy solutions several other variables. Therefore, SNe cannot be used alone infer existence accelerated expansion scenario energy. Within this degeneracy, models that give following alternative solutions: Einstein–de Sitter gray extinction [Formula: see text][Formula: text]Mpc[Formula: text]; linear law static Euclidean Static tired light absolute magnitude text] mag Gyr[Formula: Friedmann model text], tired-light redshifts/blueshift attenuation/enhancement (although requiring calibration incompatible local measurements).